These are all the skills needed to navigate in the hills (some of the skills overlap with each other). The first five are crucial.

1. Setting the map.

2. Contour interpretation.

3. Taking and following a compass bearing (in detail and as a rough guide).

4. Estimating distance travelled by timing and by pacing.

5. Route Choice. Selection of features on the map which can be identified on the ground to create navigational legs along a route that avoids major hazards and is practical to follow.

6. Identifying “catching features” so that you will know what the ground will be like if you have overshot your target.

7. Relocation strategies - in case you lose track of where you are.

8. Map scales and measuring distances on the map.

9. Aspect of slope or direction of linear features.

10. Symbols.

11. Aiming Off, Attack Points, Collecting Features, Handrails.

12. Grid References.